Dr.Primal · Science
Science
Evidence reviews of the published research on TUDCA, bile acids and life after gallbladder removal, with every study appraised the same way.
See the reviewsScience
Five neutral reviews of the studies in people, each with its methods, grades and every source.
About this section
Five evidence reviews of the published research on TUDCA, bile acids and life after gallbladder removal. Each one appraises every study it includes on the same fields, grades how much research stands behind each finding, and cites every figure to its source. None of them links to our shop.
The reviews
Evidence review · 27 studies
TUDCA research: what 27 human studies show
Every published study of TUDCA in people with gallbladder, bile, liver or gut conditions, including the one study after gallbladder removal.
Evidence review · 44 studies
TUDCA vs UDCA: differences and what's proven
What has been shown for UDCA, the prescription bile acid, what has been shown for TUDCA itself, and where common TUDCA claims get their evidence.
Evidence review · 33 studies
TUDCA safety research: doses and adverse events in 33 human studies
Side effects in each group of every TUDCA trial we found, the doses studied, the medicine labels and reports from outside trials.
Evidence review · 59 studies
Life after gallbladder removal: the numbers from studies
The operation, how bile changes, symptoms and bowel habit over time, and what is known about the years that follow.
Evidence review · 51 studies
Bile acids and the gut: FGF19, the microbiome and bile acid diarrhea
What studies in people show about bile acids as signals between the gut, the liver and gut bacteria, and what has only been seen in the lab.
How these reviews are made
Search. Each review starts with logged searches of PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov, and of official medicine labels and guidelines where they apply. The search terms, dates and numbers of results are summarized in each review's methods.
Appraisal. Every study is recorded on the same fields: who took part, the design, the comparison, whether it was randomized and blinded, the dose and length, what was measured, the result and the main limits. Doses are reported as each study gave them.
Grades. Each finding gets two things: what the studies found, and how much research stands behind it, from “Not yet studied” to “Strong”. A low grade means a finding is not yet confirmed, not that it has been disproved.
Fact-checking. Each review is checked sentence by sentence against its primary sources before publication. These reviews have not been checked by a physician; if a credentialed reviewer checks one later, we will name them on that review and record it in its version history.
Conflict of interest. Dr.Primal sells a TUDCA supplement. That is why these pages carry no product links or offers, report results that do not favor TUDCA alongside those that do, and appraise every study in the same way. Our editorial standards explain how we work.
These reviews describe published research. They are not medical advice and do not replace advice from your doctor. Dietary supplements are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.